▼ Refine Your Categories ▼

Click a term to initiate a search.

Subject

  • Arts & Humanities (382)
  • Business & Reference (87)
  • Health & Medicine (79)
  • Science & Technology (121)
  • Social Sciences (395)

Resource Type

  • Audio (41)
  • Dataset (17)
  • E-Journal (36)
  • Image (611)
  • Map (67)
  • Text (528)
  • Video (44)

Language

  • English (750)
  • French (12)
  • Chinese (11)
  • Spanish (10)
  • Latin (8)
  • Arabic (7)
  • German (5)
  • Russian (4)
  • Japanese (3)
  • Armenian (2)
  • Hebrew (2)
  • Persian (2)
  • Turkish (2)
  • Albanian (1)
  • Bosnian (1)
  • Dari (1)
  • Dutch (1)
  • Ethiopic (1)
  • Gaelic (1)
  • Greek (1)
  • Haal-pular (1)
  • Icelandic (1)
  • Italian (1)
  • Jóola Foñi (1)
  • Korean (1)
  • Lithuanian (1)
  • Mandinka (1)
  • Ottoman (1)
  • Pashto (1)
  • Polish (1)
  • Syriac (1)
  • Tamil (1)
  • Tibetan (1)
  • Wolof (1)
  • Yiddish (1)

Social Tags

  • Photography (107)
  • Politics (65)
  • Education (61)
  • Medicine (49)
  • Literature (46)
  • Manuscript (41)
  • Sociology (34)
  • Biography (31)
  • Books (31)
  • Culture (31)
  • American history (30)
  • Buildings (30)
  • Geography (30)
  • Architecture (29)
  • Poetry (27)
  • Religion (26)
  • Health (25)
  • Illustration (25)
  • Letters (25)
  • War (25)
  • Art (24)
  • Environment (24)
  • Ephemera (24)
  • Entertainment (21)
  • Maps (21)
  • Public health (21)
  • Biology (20)
  • Law (20)
  • Science (20)
  • American presidents (19)
  • Journals (19)
  • Medical history (19)
  • Social Issues (19)
  • Manuscripts (17)
  • People (17)
  • World War 2 (17)
  • Cartography (16)
  • Historical photography (16)
  • Lifestyle (16)
  • Music (16)
  • Pamphlets (16)
  • Philosophy (16)
  • Political history (16)
  • Posters (16)
  • Students (16)
  • Academia (15)
  • Exploration (15)
  • Visual arts (15)
  • Agriculture (14)
  • Campus (14)
  • Economics (14)
  • Landscapes (14)
  • Photographs (14)
  • History (13)
  • American literature (12)
  • Broadside (12)
  • Fine art (12)
  • Journal (12)
  • Medical research (12)
  • Publishing (12)
  • Scottish history (12)
  • University (12)
  • American politics (11)
  • British literature (11)
  • Ecology (11)
  • Government (11)
  • Newspaper (11)
  • Political campaigns (11)
  • Print (11)
  • Academic resources (10)
  • Art history (10)
  • Chemistry (10)
  • Correspondence (10)
  • Sheet music (10)
  • Society (10)
  • African history (9)
  • African studies (9)
  • Community (9)
  • Islam (9)
  • Printing (9)
  • Theatre (9)
  • Arts (8)
  • Botany (8)
  • Diaries (8)
  • Discovery (8)
  • English literature (8)
  • Medieval Literature (8)
  • Modernism (8)
  • Native American history (8)
  • Native americans (8)
  • Performance arts (8)
  • Political geography (8)
  • Speeches (8)
  • World photography (8)
  • Anatomy (7)
  • Archaeology (7)
  • Architectural styles (7)
  • Canadian history (7)
  • Disease (7)
  • Drama (7)
  • more...

Organization

  • U.S. National Library of Medicine (59)
  • Cornell University (52)
  • University of Michigan (50)
  • Yale University (50)
  • Toronto Public Library (35)
  • National Library of Scotland (32)
  • The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (32)
  • University of Louisville (29)
  • Harvard University (24)
  • University of Miami (23)
  • University of Oregon (23)
  • University of Oxford (23)
  • University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee (23)
  • University of Idaho (21)
  • University of Toronto (21)
  • Brown University (18)
  • Oregon State University (17)
  • University of California, Los Angeles (15)
  • American Geographical Society (13)
  • North Carolina State University (13)
  • Tufts University (13)
  • University of Chicago (13)
  • Washington University (13)
  • Columbia University (12)
  • Michigan State University (11)
  • Minneapolis Institute of Arts (11)
  • National Endowment for the Humanities (11)
  • Glasgow Digital Library (9)
  • Syracuse University (9)
  • University of California, Berkeley (9)
  • University of Strathclyde (9)
  • Library of Congress (7)
  • Simon Fraser University (7)
  • University of Alaska Fairbanks (7)
  • University of Hawaii (7)
  • University of Southern California (6)
  • California State University, Northridge (5)
  • Pennsylvania State University (4)
  • University of California (4)
  • Digital South Asia Library (3)
  • Harvard Business School (3)
  • Harvard Law School (3)
  • Harvard Law School Library (3)
  • Indiana University (3)
  • University of Alaska (3)
  • University of Illinois (3)
  • Avery Architectural & Fine Arts Library (2)
  • British Library (2)
  • Harvard's Widener Library (2)
  • Los Angeles (2)
  • National Historical Publications and Records Commission (2)
  • National Science Foundation (2)
  • New York Public Library (2)
  • United States Department of Agriculture (2)
  • Abraham Lincoln Association (1)
  • African Studies Center (1)
  • American Association of Advertising Agencies (1)
  • American Institute of Architects (1)
  • American Institute of Indian Studies (1)
  • Ancestry.com (1)
  • Appalachian College Association (1)
  • Archives of American Art (1)
  • Automobile Club of Southern California (1)
  • Bard Graduate Center (1)
  • Bentley Historical Library (1)
  • Biblioteca Palafoxiana (1)
  • Boston Public Library (1)
  • California Historical Society (1)
  • Cambridge University (1)
  • Canadian Library Association (1)
  • Center for the History of Medicine (1)
  • Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (1)
  • Claremont Colleges (1)
  • Connecticut State Library (1)
  • Cornell Law School (1)
  • Cushing Library (1)
  • Denver Public Library (1)
  • Dickinson State University (1)
  • École normale supérieure (1)
  • Enoch Pratt Free Library (1)
  • Ephemera Society of America (1)
  • European Center for Digital Resources (1)
  • Filson Historical Society (1)
  • Florence Gould Foundation (1)
  • Florida International University (1)
  • Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine (1)
  • Hahnemann University (1)
  • Harvard Geospatial Library (1)
  • Harvard-Yenching Library (1)
  • Harvard’s Weissman Preservation Center (1)
  • Hill Museum & Manuscript Library (1)
  • Historical Collections Department (1)
  • Institut des Textes et Manuscrits Modernes (1)
  • Iron Range Research Center (1)
  • Jackson College (1)
  • Kabul University (1)
  • Kelsey Museum of Archaeology (1)
  • King Abdulaziz University (1)
  • Legal Information Institute (1)
  • Library of North Carolina (1)
  • more...

Person

  • Abraham Lincoln (7)
  • Linus Pauling (6)
  • Arthur Conan Doyle (3)
  • Harrison Forman (3)
  • Charles Darwin (2)
  • Filippo Tommaso Marinetti (2)
  • Francisco Goya (2)
  • Harry S. Truman (2)
  • Isaac Newton (2)
  • James Clerk Maxwell (2)
  • John Thomson (2)
  • Richard Nixon (2)
  • Theodore Roosevelt (2)
  • Thomas Jefferson (2)
  • A. B. Curtis (1)
  • Adam Sedgwick (1)
  • Ade Bethune (1)
  • Agnes Chamberlin (1)
  • Ainslie Hewett (1)
  • Al Grey (1)
  • Alan Crockwell (1)
  • Albert Einstein (1)
  • Albert Wheaton Terhune (1)
  • Aldemaro Romero (1)
  • Alex Rackley (1)
  • Alexander Anderson (1)
  • Alexander Fleming (1)
  • Alexander Graham Bell (1)
  • Alexander Kluge (1)
  • Alexander Lmanian (1)
  • Alexander Parris (1)
  • Alfredo Montalvo (1)
  • Alger Hiss (1)
  • Amos Gerry Beman (1)
  • Anderson Ruffin Abbott (1)
  • André Jeunet (1)
  • Andrew Dickson White (1)
  • Andrew Heiskell (1)
  • Anna Jameson (1)
  • Anne S. Goodrich (1)
  • Anne S. K. Brown (1)
  • Antonio Lafreri (1)
  • Arthur Evans (1)
  • Arthur Younger Ford (1)
  • Barbara Curtis Adachi (1)
  • Benjamin Disraeli (1)
  • Bennett Cerf (1)
  • Bessie Bartlett Frankel (1)
  • Billie Jean Isbell (1)
  • Bradford Washburn (1)
  • Bryher (1)
  • Carl Mautz (1)
  • Carleton Watkins (1)
  • Charles de Gaulle (1)
  • Charles Deering (1)
  • Charles Eisenmann (1)
  • Charles Hoole (1)
  • Charles Sumner Greene (1)
  • Charles Swinburne (1)
  • Charlotte MacJannet (1)
  • Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1)
  • Claire Holt (1)
  • Claude C. Matlack (1)
  • Claude L. Pickens , Jr. (1)
  • Clifford K. Berryman (1)
  • Clifford M. Ott (1)
  • Conte Candoli (1)
  • David Rumsey (1)
  • Dizzy Gillespie (1)
  • Donald Angus (1)
  • Donald Fredrickson (1)
  • Donald MacJannet (1)
  • Donald Winslow (1)
  • Doris Ulmann (1)
  • Dorothy Canfield Fisher (1)
  • Douglas Oliver (1)
  • Dr. Walter Lindley (1)
  • Dwight Anderson (1)
  • Eadweard Muybridge (1)
  • Edgar J. Goodspeed (1)
  • Edward Ellerker Williams (1)
  • Edward I. Koch (1)
  • Edward R. Murrow (1)
  • Eike von Repgow (1)
  • Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1)
  • Elizabeth Willis DeHuff (1)
  • Ella Fitzgerald (1)
  • Elmer Rasmuson (1)
  • Elvis Presley (1)
  • Emeritus Tse-Tsung Chow (1)
  • Emma Goldman (1)
  • Enrico Fermi (1)
  • Ernest Rutherford (1)
  • Eunice Peacock Merrick (1)
  • Everett Franklin Phillips (1)
  • Ezra Cornell (1)
  • Ezra Pound (1)
  • Frances Perkins (1)
  • Frank Bond (1)
  • Frank Lloyd Wright (1)
  • more...

City

  • Toronto (21)
  • Louisville (15)
  • Minneapolis (10)
  • Los Angeles (9)
  • Oxford (9)
  • Milwaukee (7)
  • Boston (6)
  • London (6)
  • Miami (6)
  • Glasgow (5)
  • Chicago (4)
  • Edinburgh (4)
  • Ithaca (4)
  • St. Louis (4)
  • Calcutta (3)
  • Paris (3)
  • Providence (3)
  • Ann Arbor (2)
  • Cambridge (2)
  • Madras (2)
  • New York (2)
  • Rome (2)
  • San Francisco (2)
  • Vancouver (2)
  • Washington (2)
  • Amsterdam (1)
  • Athens (1)
  • Baghdad (1)
  • Baltimore (1)
  • Berlin (1)
  • Boise (1)
  • Buenos Aires (1)
  • Butte (1)
  • Cape Town (1)
  • Claremont (1)
  • Denver (1)
  • Hyde Park (1)
  • Independence (1)
  • Kalimpong (1)
  • Kumasi (1)
  • Lewiston (1)
  • Madura (1)
  • Moscow (1)
  • New Delhi (1)
  • Nottingham (1)
  • Pago Pago (1)
  • Somerville (1)
  • Staten Island (1)
  • Warsaw (1)

Country

  • United States (611)
  • United Kingdom (100)
  • Canada (66)
  • China (20)
  • France (13)
  • Italy (8)
  • Japan (8)
  • India (7)
  • Mexico (7)
  • Russia (6)
  • Germany (4)
  • Indonesia (4)
  • Korea (4)
  • Ghana (3)
  • Netherlands (3)
  • South Africa (3)
  • Tibet (3)
  • Afghanistan (2)
  • Argentina (2)
  • Bolivia (2)
  • Greece (2)
  • Iceland (2)
  • Iraq (2)
  • Peru (2)
  • Poland (2)
  • Senegal (2)
  • Spain (2)
  • Albania (1)
  • American Samoa (1)
  • Antigua (1)
  • Australia (1)
  • Bosnia (1)
  • Bosnia - Herzegovina (1)
  • Burma (1)
  • Cambodia (1)
  • Chile (1)
  • Crete (1)
  • Cuba (1)
  • Faroe Islands (1)
  • Georgia (1)
  • Haiti (1)
  • Holland (1)
  • Israel (1)
  • Jamaica (1)
  • Kenya (1)
  • Liberia (1)
  • Malaysia (1)
  • Mongolia (1)
  • Nepal (1)
  • Papua New Guinea (1)
  • Philippines (1)
  • Scotland (1)
  • Singapore (1)
  • Sri Lanka (1)
  • Taiwan (1)
  • Tanzania (1)
  • Trinidad And Tobago (1)
  • Uganda (1)
  • Venezuela (1)
  • Vietnam (1)

Province Or State

  • Maryland (91)
  • New York (78)
  • Michigan (59)
  • Connecticut (51)
  • Ontario (48)
  • California (46)
  • Massachusetts (41)
  • Oregon (39)
  • Kentucky (30)
  • Florida (24)
  • Wisconsin (24)
  • Idaho (22)
  • Rhode Island (18)
  • Illinois (16)
  • Minnesota (15)
  • Missouri (15)
  • North Carolina (14)
  • Alaska (10)
  • Hawaii (7)
  • Pennsylvania (6)
  • Texas (5)
  • Indiana (4)
  • British Columbia (3)
  • Montana (3)
  • Washington, D.C. (3)
  • Colorado (2)
  • Tennessee (2)
  • Virginia (2)
  • Alabama (1)
  • Arizona (1)
  • Ashanti (1)
  • Boston (1)
  • District of Columbia (1)
  • Georgia (1)
  • Kansas (1)
  • Labrador (1)
  • Mississippi (1)
  • Nebraska (1)
  • North Dakota (1)
  • Utah (1)
  • Washington (1)
  • West Virginia (1)
  • Wyoming (1)
Arts & Humanities
▼
  • Architecture
  • Decorative Art & Handicrafts
  • Esoterica
  • Fine Arts
  • Graphic Arts
  • Home & Garden
  • Languages, Language Use & Dictionaries
  • Lifestyle, Family & Relationships
  • Literature & Poetry
  • Music
  • Performance Arts
  • Philosophy
  • Photography
  • Religion
  • Sculpture & Plastic Arts
Business & Reference
▼
  • Accounting, Banking & Finance
  • Advertising, Marketing & PR
  • Commerce & Industry
  • Construction & Materials
  • Directories, Encyclopedias & Almanacs
  • Internet & Multimedia
  • Management & Human Resources
  • News & Current Events
  • Patents & Legal
  • Publishing
  • Business Products & Services
  • Real Estate
  • Taxation
Health & Medicine
▼
  • Alternative Medicine
  • Anatomy & Physiology
  • Diseases & Pathogens
  • Drugs & Pharmaceuticals
  • Food & Nutrition
  • Medical Equipment & Procedures
  • Medical Personnel & Services
  • Occupational Safety & Health
  • Psychiatry & Social Work
  • Surgery & Orthopedics
  • Veterinary Medicine
Science & Technology
▼
  • Aeronautics & Astronautics
  • Agriculture
  • Astronomy
  • Botany
  • Biology & Life Sciences
  • Chemical & Bio-technology
  • Chemistry
  • Computers & Software
  • Electronics
  • Energy
  • Engineering
  • Environment & Ecology
  • Genetics, Molecular Biology & Evolution
  • Geology & Earth Sciences
  • Mathematics
  • Military Science & Intelligence
  • Minerals & Mining
  • Physics
  • Telecommunications
  • Transportation
  • Zoology
Social Sciences
▼
  • Archeology
  • Anthropology
  • Area Studies
  • Biography
  • Criminology & Forensics
  • Economics
  • Education
  • Geography & Maps
  • Law & Government
  • Library & Information Science
  • History & Historiography
  • Political Science & Politics
  • Psychology, Linguistics & Cognitive Science
  • Sociology & Demography
  • Sports & Recreation
With 750 digital libraries, and counting...
  • Libraries ⌨
  • Favourites ♥
  • Index / Maps ☜
  • Contact / Request that your digital library be added
Home
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/arabic/welcome.html
▼ Browse Website ▼: 
994 reads
Report broken/outdated link or screenshot 
Favorite ♥  

Similar Digital Libraries

An Odyssey of Knowledge: Medieval Manuscripts and Early Printed Books
Here the Frailest Leaves- The National Library of Medicine's Bathtub Collection
Physicians' Lives in the Shenandoah Valley Henkel Family Letters, 1786-1907
Hooke's Books- Books that Influenced or were Influenced by Robert Hooke's Micrographia
Midwifery, Nursing, and Obstetrics Manuscript Collections at NLM
Islamic Culture and the Medical Arts

Islamic Medical Manuscripts

Medieval Islam Islamic cultures are among the most interesting, complex, and dynamic in the world. At the same time, they are among the least known in the West. From its dramatic rise in the seventh century A. D. to the present, Islamic civilization has covered a large part of the globe, incorporating many subcultures and languages into its orbit, and vigorously engaging the peoples around it. Medicine was a central part of medieval Islamic culture. Disease and health were of importance to rich and poor alike, as indeed they are in every civilization. Responding to circumstances of time and place, Islamic physicians and scholars developed a large and complex medical literature exploring and synthesizing the theory and practice of medicine. This extensive literature was not specialized in the sense that modern medical literature is. Rather, it was integrated with learned traditions in philosophy, natural science, mathematics, astrology, alchemy, and religion. Islamic medicine was built on tradition, chiefly the theoretical and practical knowledge developed in Greece and Rome. For Islamic scholars, Galen ( d. ca. 210 AD) and Hippocrates (5th century BC) were pre-eminent authorities, followed by Hellenic scholars in Alexandria. Islamic scholars translated their voluminous writings from Greek into Arabic and then produced new medical knowledge based on those texts. In order to make the Greek tradition more accessible, understandable, and teachable, Islamic scholars ordered and made more systematic the vast and sometimes inconsistent Greco-Roman medical knowledge by writing encyclopedias and summaries. Islamic medicine drew upon Hellenic medical tradition to form its own. Likewise, medieval and early modern scholars in Europe drew upon Islamic traditions and translations as the foundation for their medical enterprise. It was through Arabic translations that the West learned of Hellenic medicine, including the works of Galen and Hippocrates. Of equal if not of greater influence in Western Europe were systematic and comprehensive works such as Avicenna's Canon of Medicine , which were translated into Latin and then disseminated in manuscript and printed form throughout Europe. During the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries alone, the Canon of Medicine was published more than thirty-five times. As noted earlier, medieval Islamic medicine was not an appendage of Islamic culture but rather immersed in it. This means, among other things, that Islamic medicine participated fully in the Islamic traditions of book-making, including calligraphy, illustration, paper making, and binding. Because copying the Qur'an was an act of piety, calligraphy for even non-religious subjects came to be more than the mere reproduction of texts--it was and is a form of applied and even fine art, engrossing readers and writers alike. Islamic illustration practices tended to be adopted from the Byzantine and Persian cultures and to have an ambivalent and particularly complex history within Islamic culture. Islam learned paper making from China but made the fateful decision to use linen as the raw material for paper, rather than mulberry bark, or other organic matter. The transfer of Chinese technology and the innovation in the use of linen provided a writing material more economical than parchment and more durable than papyrus. It was from Islam that the rest of the world learned to make paper from linen. Except for the paper manufacturing, binding is the Islamic book craft least studied historically. Until more research on it is done, we can say that Islamic craftsmen and artists developed characteristic book-binding forms, most of which were functional--providing protection to paper and ink--with some being decorative, at times of a very high order. Last updated: 12 June 2008

share

Related categories

Subject

Arts & Humanities
Health & Medicine
Arts & Humanities » Literature & Poetry

Resource Type

Image
Text

Language

Arabic
English
Latin

Social Tags

Culture
Health
Islam
Islamic studies
Manuscript
Medicine
Religion

Organization

U.S. National Library of Medicine

Country

United States

Province Or State

Maryland

Islamic Medical Manuscripts

4
Average: 4 (1 vote)
Your rating: None
  • Arabic
  • Arts & Humanities
  • Culture
  • English
  • Health
  • Image
  • Islam
  • Islamic studies
  • Latin
  • Manuscript
  • Maryland
  • Medicine
  • Religion
  • Text
  • U.S. National Library of Medicine
  • United States
  • Literature & Poetry
  • Health & Medicine
  • 994 reads
  • Report broken/outdated link or screenshot 
  • Favorite ♥  

How easy is it to use, search and browse this digital library? What is the quality of its look, feel and organisation? Ratings will help digital librarians improve their services.View all the ratings

  • Recently Viewed
  • Most Popular Today
  • Most Popular All Time
  • Highest rated
CDLI - Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative
Macauley's Theatre Collection
AGSL Digital Photo Archive - South America
Home Economics Archive- Research, Tradition and History
Historic Topographic Maps of California - San Francisco Bay Area
The Sheet Music Consortium
Michigan Botanist 2 unique views TODAY
American Centuries- History and Art from New England 2 unique views TODAY
Enrico Fermi and the Nuclear Chain Reaction 2 unique views TODAY
The Minneapolis Institute of Arts' Department of Photographs 2 unique views TODAY
CUL Witchcraft Collection 1 unique views TODAY
Maryland Digital Cultural Heritage 1 unique views TODAY
Robert E. Higgins Collection 14,649 unique views TOTAL
British Columbia Fine Printing 11,245 unique views TOTAL
Plagiary 8,125 unique views TOTAL
Renascence Editions 7,985 unique views TOTAL
Digital Library for Earth System Education 6,283 unique views TOTAL
CORSAIR, the Online Collection Catalog of the Pierpont Morgan Library, New York 6,032 unique views TOTAL
Inside Idaho - Idaho Historical Aerial Photographs
8
Lincoln Sheet Music
8
Robert E. Higgins Collection
8
American Jewess Project
8
Unified Vision- The Architecture and Design of the Prairie School
8
Digital Library for Earth System Education
8
View all of the ratings
  • Contact / Request that your digital library be added
Arts & Humanities
▼
  • Architecture
  • Decorative Art & Handicrafts
  • Esoterica
  • Fine Arts
  • Graphic Arts
  • Home & Garden
  • Languages, Language Use & Dictionaries
  • Lifestyle, Family & Relationships
  • Literature & Poetry
  • Music
  • Performance Arts
  • Philosophy
  • Photography
  • Religion
  • Sculpture & Plastic Arts
Business & Reference
▼
  • Accounting, Banking & Finance
  • Advertising, Marketing & PR
  • Commerce & Industry
  • Construction & Materials
  • Directories, Encyclopedias & Almanacs
  • Internet & Multimedia
  • Management & Human Resources
  • News & Current Events
  • Patents & Legal
  • Publishing
  • Business Products & Services
  • Real Estate
  • Taxation
Health & Medicine
▼
  • Alternative Medicine
  • Anatomy & Physiology
  • Diseases & Pathogens
  • Drugs & Pharmaceuticals
  • Food & Nutrition
  • Medical Equipment & Procedures
  • Medical Personnel & Services
  • Occupational Safety & Health
  • Psychiatry & Social Work
  • Surgery & Orthopedics
  • Veterinary Medicine
Science & Technology
▼
  • Aeronautics & Astronautics
  • Agriculture
  • Astronomy
  • Botany
  • Biology & Life Sciences
  • Chemical & Bio-technology
  • Chemistry
  • Computers & Software
  • Electronics
  • Energy
  • Engineering
  • Environment & Ecology
  • Genetics, Molecular Biology & Evolution
  • Geology & Earth Sciences
  • Mathematics
  • Military Science & Intelligence
  • Minerals & Mining
  • Physics
  • Telecommunications
  • Transportation
  • Zoology
Social Sciences
▼
  • Archeology
  • Anthropology
  • Area Studies
  • Biography
  • Criminology & Forensics
  • Economics
  • Education
  • Geography & Maps
  • Law & Government
  • Library & Information Science
  • History & Historiography
  • Political Science & Politics
  • Psychology, Linguistics & Cognitive Science
  • Sociology & Demography
  • Sports & Recreation